英语高手请进。。。

2024-05-20

1. 英语高手请进。。。

Attributive Clause(定语从句)
江苏如东岔河中学 缪晓红(整理)
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
  关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
  关系副词有:when, where, why等。
一、 弄清关系代词所指及其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。
系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1. 先行词指物时,用关系代词that/which在从句中作主语或宾语。
如:He bought a coat that/which cost little. 
他买了一件便宜上衣。(作主语)
The car which / that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one.
他昨天买的车是个二手货。(作宾语)
2. 先行词指人时,用关系代词that/who在从句中作主语或宾语(在口语中,代替whom)。
如:The man who / that gave a speech on TV is the president. 
昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统。(作主语)
This is the strange man that/who/whom I met yesterday. 
这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人。(作宾语)
3.whose在从句中作定语,既可指人,作“某(些)人的”解;也可指物,作“某(些)物的”解。
如:This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.
这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。
We live in a house whose windows open to the south.
我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里。
理清上述关系还能帮助我们判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数。
又如:He is one of the students who work hard.
他是学习努力的学生之一。(who指先行词the students)
He is the only one of the students who goes abroad. 他是学生中唯一出国的。(who指先行词the only one)
二、记清多用关系代词that的几种情况。 
1.先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, few, much等不定代词时。
如:There is little that I can use.
  几乎没有什么我能用的了。
2.先行词被all, each, few, much, every, no, some, any等不定代词修饰时。
如:All the books that you need are here.
你所需要的书都在这儿。
3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
如:This is the first composition that he has written in English.
这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。
4.先行词既有人又有物时。
如:He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 
他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
5.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。
如:Who is the man that is speaking over there?
在那里说话的人是谁?
6.先行词被the only,the very, the last等修饰时。
如:This is the very gun that I am looking for. 
这正是我在找的枪。
7.关系代词在从句中作表语时。
如:He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago.
    他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。
关系副词where, when和why
同学们对定语从句已经有了初步的认识。我们已学了关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that的用法,这里就说说关系副词where, when和why引导定语从句时的语义特点和用法特点。
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
一、 副词where引导的定语从句
1. 当先行词是表示地点的名词,如place, room, mountain, airport等,同时又在从句中作状语时,定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。
例如:The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance.
那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞,在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。
   在上述例句中,where代表in the cave,作地点状语。
2. 通常,引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词+which”的形式。例如:The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where / in which they found those gold bars.美国士兵冲进总统官邸,在那里他们发现了那些金条。
3.当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语,而是作主语、宾语或表语时,必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句,而不是用where。
试比较:
The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that / which) people all over the world look forward to visiting. 
 长江三峡是个美丽的地方,全世界的人都渴望来参观。
The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization.
 长江是我们的母亲河,中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。
   在第一句的定语从句中,visiting是一个及物动词,必须带宾语,而关系副词where不能作宾语,所以只能用which或that引导,而且二者可以省略;在第二句的定语从句中,不缺主语、宾语、表语,所以用where作状语。
二、 系副词when引导的定语从句
1.当先行词是表示时间的名词,如time, day, year, month, week等,同时又在从句中作状语时,定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。
例如:Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep.
  伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。
2.与where一样,引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词+which”的形式。
例如:  All the Chinese, at home and abroad, will forever remember the date when / on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong.
 海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。
3.当先行词为the time, the moment, the day, the minute等时,关系副词when可以省略,也可以用that引导。
例如:The moment (that / when) I turned round, she had left and disappeared in the crowd. 
当我转过身来时,她已经离开并消失在人群中了。
 Do you still remember the day we got to know each other?
   你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗?
 这时的定语从句(省略了when或that),实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。
4.当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语,而是作主语、宾语或表语时,必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句,而不是用when。
例如: The film reminded me of those miserable days (that / which) I spent in my childhood. 
这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。
三、 关系副词why引导的定语从句
1.当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时,定语从句需要用关系副词why引导,此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。
例如:Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine?
你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗?
2.我们也可以用for which来替代why。
例如:The reason why / for which you failed, I think, was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mother’s advice.
我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。
注意:在“the reason why sb. does sth. is that�从句”的结构中,that不能换成because。
定语从句错误分析
   初学定语从句时,同学们易犯的错误归纳起来有语义重复、主谓不一致及引导词的误用等。同学们可以先试着找出下列这些句子中的错误并加以改正,然后参阅题后的分析。
1. The woman which was interviewed on CCTV last night was the late US President Nixon’s daughter.
  分析 定语从句的引导词有两大类:一类是关系代词,包括that, which, who, whom和whose。当先行词是指人的名词或代词时,要用who, whom或whose来引导定语从句,并且,它们分别在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语;当先行词是指事物的名词或代词时,要用which来引导定语从句;而that既可以指人,又可以指物。另一类是关系副词,常用的有where(表地点),when(表时间)及why(表原因)。本例中的先行词指人,所以应把which改成who或that。
2. The main topic people are often talking about it at present is the construction of the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam.
  分析 the main topic是先行词,people are ... about it at present是定语从句,其中关系代词that或which在句中作介词about的宾语,被省略了。所以it是重复的成分,应该去掉。初学者很容易犯语意重复的错误,应当十分注意。
3. God bless this ship and all that sails in her!
分析 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。本例先行词是一个表复数概念的代词all,所以定语从句的谓语动词sails应该用复数,即sail。句意是:上帝保佑这条船和所有乘船的人吧!关于主谓一致,有一个特例值得注意。见第4例。
4. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the only one of the US presidents that were in office for 4 terms.
  分析 当先行词是“the only one of the+复数名词”时,定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致,用单数�当先行词是“one of the +复数名词”时,定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词保持一致,用复数。
例如:The Great Wall is one of the man-made constructions that have been seen from space.
5. The speed at that the rocket can escape from the earth is 11.2 kilometers per second.
分析 当介词提前时,不能用关系代词that或who引导定语从句,而应该用which或whom。这儿的先行词speed是表事物的名词,所以应该把that改成which,而且不能省略(因为直接在介词后)。句意是:火箭的逃逸速度是每秒11.2公里。
6. This is a new type of airplane, which parts are all made at home.
 分析 不管先行词是指人还是物,关系代词在从句中作定语时,都必须用whose;但是指物时,还可以用“the +名词+of which”的形式表示。故本例可改成:This is a new type of airplane, whose parts are all made at home.或者This is a new type of airplane, the parts of which  are all made at home.
7. Anything which exists in the universe has its two sides.
分析 当先行词是表事物的不定代词,如all,everything,anything...时,关系代词要用that,而不用which,故本句要把关系代词which 改为that。
8. Whatever Saddam did couldn’t change US mind to attack Iraq, that we had expected.
分析 that 不能用来引导非限定性定语从句。本定语从句的先行词是一个先行句,即前面整个句子,所以本从句中的关系代词that必须改为which。当然也可以用when, where, who(m)等引导非限定性定语从句,而且不可省略,whom也不能用who代替。
例如:Mr. Robert, whom I’ll invite to my new house, is a famous lawyer of our city. 
9.Recently I have been reading a good book, it was about the relationship between man and nature.
分析 该句中前后两句之间为逗号,且无连接词,故后一句应是一个非限定性定语从句,修饰先行词book,所以it应改为which。
定语从句是历年高考试题的考查热点之一,下面就定语从句应特别注意的几个问题加以举例分析:  
Ⅰ.关系代词which
例1. The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, _____it will be completely finished.
      A. by the time                B. by which time
       C. that                       D. which 
例2. Water boils at 100℃, _____it changes to gas.
A. at which temperature     B. at which 
     C. by which temperature D. by which 
 析:which 引导定语从句时,在从句中除了作主语或宾语外,还可以作定语修饰名词,常用于“介词+which+名词”结构中,相当于“and+介词+this/that+名词”。所以例1选B;例2选A。
Ⅱ.关系副词when
例1. Could you suggest a time _____it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine? 
例2. Think of a time _____you were happiest.(Senior3,L93)
例3. There was a time _____all scientists were willing to share their results.(Senior3,L3)
   A. that B. when C. which D. where
    析:当先行词为a time(一段时间)时,引导定语从句的关系词常用when,而不采用that,故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有:①This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema.(Senior2,L70) ②It’s about a time when there were black slaves in North America.(Senior1,L53)
Ⅲ.关系代词but
  例:There is no one _____wishes peace.
A. who            B. but            C. that            D. whom
    析:本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who / that don’t / doesn’t,but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。
Ⅳ.定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合
例1. It was in the small house ____was built with stones by his father ____he spent his childhood.
A. which that              B. that where
    C. which which            D. where that
    析:分析句子结构可知,本句的主句为强调句型,第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。
例2. The meeting was put off, ____was exactly ____we wanted.
    A. which�which            B. as� that
    C. which�what              D. it� that
    析:由题意可知,第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,第二空应由what引导表语从句。故本题选C。
    练习:  从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.Don’t call between 12 o’clock and 1 o’clock, _____I am usually having lunch.
A. at which                      B. during which time
    C. by which time              D. by which
 2. The song is so popular _____ there is no one in our class _____likes it.
A. that  who                     B. that but
    C. which  who                     D. which but
3.It is such a good place _____ everybody wants to visit ____ it is well-known all over the world.
A. which� that     B. as� as     C. as� that     D. that� as
 4. We are living in an age ____many things are done on computer.(北京2003春)  A.which            B.that            C.whose            D.when
Key:1-4BBCD

非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和主句之间常用逗号隔开,它与主句的关系不十分密切,只对先行词作补充或附加说明,如省略,也不影响主句意思的表达。如:Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.上述例子作如下改动,句子意思仍然完整: Water has many uses.
一、 关于引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,须注意以下三点:
1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词在指物时,只能用which,而不能用that;关系代词which既可指代先行词,也可指代前面整个句子的内容。
如:He lives in Weifang, which is only an hour’s ride from here.
 (关系代词 which 在定语从句中作主语,指代主句中的 Weifang。)
I have lost my pen, which I like very much.
 (关系代词which在定语从句中作宾语,指代主句中的pen。)
  New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to all of us. 
(关系代词which 在定语从句中作主语,指代整个主句的内容。)   
 2.关系代词 which 和as 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别:as 有“正如……” 、“就像……” 的意思, 而which没有;as 引导非限制性定语从句时,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,可以放在主句之前或之后;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
如:As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.
 (as 指代整个主句,在定语从句中作主语。)
He opposed the idea, as could be expected. (as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作主语。) 
常用的这种句式有:as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。
3.在非限制性定语从句中,修饰人并在从句中作主语时用关系代词who, 作宾语时用关系代词whom。
如:Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook.
  She is like Miss Carter, whom I used to meet in Boston.
二、 在下列情况下必须使用非限制性定语从句
1.当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。
如: He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot.
They will fly to Paris, where they plan to stay two or three days.
Football, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world.
 2.当主句内容完整,先行词意义明确时。
如:His house, which was finished only a month ago, was burnt down to the ground last night.
We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy.
3.当定语从句修饰整个主句时。
如:They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.
They moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time.
4.当定语从句修饰主句中的一部分时。
如:She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
5.当定语从句由“代词/数词/名词/形容词比较级、最高级等+of +which/whom”引导时。
如:China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan.
Chaplin directed a large number of films, most of which were silent.
一、 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别
   限制性定语从句,顾名思义,是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句,它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或事、物。例如:A man who doesn’t want to learn from others can’t achieve much.
一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。
A man被限定后,指一类特定的人。
限制性定语从句是不能去掉的,否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然,它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明,去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上,非限制性定语从句与主句之
间通常必须有逗号隔开。
例如:Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key  water control project in the world at present.
最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝,它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。
  本句若去掉定语从句,主句部分的含义仍然完整。历年的高考题中,非限制性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点之一,因此值得我们注意。
二、 引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指代前面整个句子。
例如:That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布,却已被传得沸沸扬扬。
句子中的which指代“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这件事。
三、 除which外,还可用when, where, who,whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。
例如:After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
 毕业后,我决定留在重庆,在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。
    Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II, when Jews were badly treated in Germany. 
第二次世界大战期间,爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国,那时犹太人在德国受到极大的歧视。
 注意:that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
四、 在限制性定语从句中,如果先行词作宾语时,引导词可以省略;但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省,同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。
试比较:The American journalist (whom / who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters.
播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。
 He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother.
他急于想去医院看望他的继母,他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。
巩固练习(多数为历年高考题):从A、B、C、D中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. She heard the terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.
 A. it           B. which     C. this        D. that
2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____, of course, made the    others unhappy.
A. who      B. which     C. this        D. what
3. The weather turned out to be very good,____ was more than we could expect.
A. what     B. which    C. that     D. it
4.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,____ was very reasonable. 
A. which price B. the price of which   
B. its price  D. the price of whose
5.The youngest nurse has worked for 30 days in the SARS hospital, ____ she spent her19th birthday.
    A. that        B. which   C. where D. and(答案bbbc)

英语高手请进。。。

2. across和through的区别


3. 急!!! 英语高手进!(希望有详细解释,采纳后追加100)

1. a 因为continue 与to 搭配用的 
     如果要用kept的话 就要说 kept on chatting
     repeate +sth. 
     do,did, done 是及物动词 不和to连用

2. d  首先,monitor在这里作动词用 解释为监控,
       constantly是副词 表示经常的
      The bank 是单数 所以monitor后面要加s 是个一般 现在时的事态
      然后,你看句子的成分可以算是完整了 主谓宾都有 所以加个副词
      其他的词性都不可以加进去 
      
3.c   over做介词 表示在。。。上方,但是与下面的物体不接触
          你想邮政局如果与街道不接触 不就悬浮了么 不可能
      beside 如果把这条街道和那条街道相比 可以用beside
           但是邮政局和街道之间就不能用beside 勒
      所以只能选c

4.a     这里的 offers 指的是运动员获得的奖品 所以是物品
        就是说nobody 是不可以选的 因为nobody只用于人
        其次,看never 它是副词 不能和介词连用 没有意义的
        在nothing和 none里,因为这里是一个全部否定 就是说运动员什么奖品      都没接受 所以用none 
        如果一定要说nonthing,那就是The athlete accepted nonthing.这样      是对的


5.e     这是考你动词与介词之间的搭配
        wash away 表示冲走 冲坏的意思 句子的意思是桥被暴风雨冲坏了
        wash out 表示破产 淘汰的意思
        wash over 是泼溅得意思
         gone 是动词go的过去分词 
     因为句子的谓语已经有了 就是被动式were washed (away) 所以不可以要
   其他动词了
     absent是形容词 更加不对了

6.b   这里用good 是表示好坏程度 句子的意思是 这个项目没有员工们想象中进   行地那么好(那么顺利)。
      well做形容词的时候 只表示健康 所以要用good

7.d   committee表示委员会 是一个组织 
      后面有介词 about 看到这个就知道只有选discuss 或talk
     因为其他动词不和about 连用 而委员会是个相对而言比较正式的机构
     用talk 显然不是非常正式 所以要用discuss


8.a   once 表示曾经 句子的意思是她一度曾经精神很好。因为was 是给你的提    示词 表示过去时 所以看到once 就知道应该选once 
    for once 表示只有一次 
     timely 表示 及时的 意思不符合
     而time 是名词 更加不能用了


9.a   是词组搭配问题 at the corner of...表示在。。。角 通常都说在街角
                    at the corner of the xxx street 
      本句中Fourth and Olive 是两条街的名字 这个店在两条街的交接角
     而in the corner of 表示抽象的意思 一般和drive连用 表示把(人)。。   。逼到困境 


10.d   本句是看意思 
      句子的意思是说 一批比较迟上的晚餐是给剩下的顾客用餐
       句子的成分已经完整了 所以空格里要填的肯定是保留原句成分的词
      那么就是填形容词 所以只有a和d a表示已经到的 d表示剩下的
      这时候就要看 哪个词更适合和符合整句句子的要求 看下来是d


11.d  这句应该是有上下文的 前文说了reason 这里是总结 就是说前文阐述的理     由使人们感到做事情残酷的犯罪感  guilty of sth. 是一个词组 就是做某   事情有犯罪感。eager of sth.是迫切的意思 不符合原文 easy不加o  f没有这种用法

12.a  Medical supply 词组 表示药物供应 
    整句的意思 健康社区中心的药物供应一点24小时都有
     其他的没有这种搭配

13.d The cabinet containing the documents 是主语 表示放着文件的     厨子   was locked 是谓语 
     containing 这里表示有,存放的意思 

14.a 关于火灾的官方报告列出有问题的配线导致了火灾的。 
     整句话是这个解释 The official report on the fire 是主语
     listed 是谓语  wiring 是配线 这句也是由意思选答案的

15.b 首先是被动句 所以要选谓语
     然后再b和c中间 。。。is not allowed  
     是一种官方用语 比较正式 表示。。是不被允许的
     这样看来 应该用b

16.c techniques 既然有s 证明是可数名词 所以要用several
     much是用不可数的 所以不对

17.b 看意思 eventual是最终 
     句子的意思是因为这些分析家()是这个领域的新手 所以做出的回     答不能使人完全信服。那么这里 括号里 是用也,还是最终,还是    虽然,还是所以,你可以自己读读看,看哪个通

18.d combination认为是密码的意思 就可以解释了
      其他得加进去和题目意思不对

额 你给出答案拉  我觉得你答案有些不对埃 你看这里的回答 很多人和你的答案也有出入艾 你要不问问你们老师 看看有没有可能大案有误呢

急!!!  英语高手进!(希望有详细解释,采纳后追加100)

4. 英语问题 高手来

形容词和副词
I. 形容词:
1. 形容词的位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 
2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 
4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 
5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 
6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词 数词 性状形容词 
冠词前的形容词 冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质
状态 大小
长短
形状 新旧
温度 颜色 国籍
产地 材料
质地 名词 
all
both
such the
a
this
another
your second
next one
four beautiful
good
poor large
short
square new
cool black
yellow Chinese
London silk
stone
3) 复合形容词的构成:
1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous 
2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 
3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 
4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 
5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year
II. 副词
副词的分类:
1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 
2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why 
3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 
4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法:
情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 
can 能力(体力,智力,技能)
允许或许可(口语中常用)
可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中) can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t. 
could couldn’t do 
may 可以(问句中表示请求)
可能,或许(表推测)
祝愿(用于倒装句中) may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t. 
might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not. 
must 必须,应该(表主观要求)
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to. 
have to 只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化) don’t have to do Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t. 
ought to 应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. 
shall 将要,会
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. 
should 应当,应该(表义务责任)
本该(含有责备意味) should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…? 
will 意愿,决心
请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t. 
would would not/wouldn’t do 
dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. 
need 需要
必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) need not/needn’t do Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. 
used to 过去常常(现在已不再) used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)
III. 情态动词注意点:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do


八.非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用 
时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 
不定式 to do
to be doing 
to have done to be done
to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词,副词和形容词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 
分词 现在分词 doing
having done being done
having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 
过去分词 done 
动名词 doing
having done being done
having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定和表语

II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
情况 常用动词 
只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) 
need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式) 
意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事 
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生) go on to do(接着做另外一件事)
go on doing(接着做同一件事) 
try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)
try doing(试试去做,看有何结果) mean to do(打算做,企图做)
mean doing (意识是,意味着) 
can’t help to do(不能帮忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做)
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:
常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 I heard him call me several times. 
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 
现在分词 
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio. 
过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别:
区别 举例 
不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed. 
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 
过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成
V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:
区别 举例 
不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important. 
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用) 
动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job. 
分词 无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。
现在分词多含有“令人…, , ”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。 The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)

5. 英语高手请进~~~~~~~~~~~

背单词得讲究方法,可以把形似的放在一起记.如:House房子 Horse马 (但不要自己搞混了)
还有一些词的拓展.如:Predict 是动词Prediction是名词
我是根据音标记单词.只要将读音读准确,就可以拼出来了
坚持每天背一个单词(不要复杂,不要偏僻)第二将背过的单词复习一遍,再背一个单词,每次不仅要背一个新单词,还要复习背过的单词,久而久之,印象就会很深刻.一天积累一个,不要多,几个月下来,你会大有进步的!加油!

一月至十二月的英语单词~~~~~~~~~~~ 
1月 January
2月 February
3月 March
4月 April
5月 May
6月 June
7月 July
8月 August
9月 September
10月October
11月November
12月December

星期一到星期日的英语单词~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
Monday 星期一
Tuesday 星期二
Wednesday 星期三
Thursday 星期四 
Friday 星期五
Saturday 星期六 
Sunday 星期日

介词:(一)表示时间的介词:
  1.at, on, in
  (1) at表示“在某一时刻、某一时点”
  at 5:30  在5:30   at sunrise 日出时   at lunch 午饭时
  at noon  正午时  at night 夜间
  I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6:00起床。
  表示“在……岁”时用at the age of…。
  如:at the age of five.在五岁时。

  (2) on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如:
  on Monday在星期一   on April 1st在四月一日
  I heard a shot on the morning of March 18.三月十八日早晨我听到一声枪响。
  泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night;但若指具体某一天的上述时段时,则一律用on。
  如:On the afternoon of May 23.在五月二十三日下午。

  (3) in表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。
  in September  在九月     in winter        在冬季
  in 1999     在1999年    in the 20th century  在20世纪
  in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上

  2.for, during, through
  (1) for表示“一段时间”,后接与数词连用的时间名词。多与完成时连用。
  I’ve been a soldier for 5 years.我入伍已5年了。
  She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。
  表示“持续一段时间”时,for后面必须跟“数字+时间名词”,而during后决不可接数字。
  (2) during表示“在……期间”
  He visited many nice places during his stay here.在他逗留期间他参观了许多美丽的地方。
  What did you do during the summer vacation? 你在暑假做了什么?
  (3) through表示“一直……,自始至终”
  They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
  She treated me like her brother through these years. 这些年来她始终把我当哥哥对待。
  
  3.from, since
  (1)  from表示“等时间的起点”,作“从……”解,多用于“from…to/till…”中。
  You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什幺时间来都行。
  The exam will start from 9:00am. 考试将从上午九点开始。
  ①from“从……(开始)”未必持续到现在,如:
  from 1995 to 1998.从1995年到1998年。
  而since是指“自从……以来一直持续到现在”
  ②since一般只与现在完成时连用,而from不受此限。

  (2) since表示“自从……以来(直到现在)”
  He has been away from home since 1973.他自从1973年就离开了家乡。
  We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。
  for与since表示一段时间,但for与时间段连用,而since与时间点连用。
  如for two hours(持续)两小时;since last week自从上周直到现在

  4.before, by, till, until
  (1) before指“在……之前”
  Please come before ten o’clock.请10点以前来。
  The meeting will end after 3:00pm. 会议将在下午三点后结束。
  表示“在……以前”时,before与by基本可通用。但by还有“截至……为止”之意,此时可与完成时连用,而before一般不与完成时连用。如:
  How many models have you made by the end of last month?
  截至上月底你做了多少个模型?

  (2) by指“不迟于,到……时为止,在……以前”
  I must finish my homework by lunch.午饭前我必须做完作业。
  We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term. 
  到上学期末为止,我们已经学了1000多个单词了。

  (3) tell (until) “直到……为止”
  You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等到他明天。
  He didn’t come back until twelve o’clock last night.他昨晚下到12点才回来。
  在肯定句中,till (until)必须与延续动词连用。若与点动词连用,till (until)只能用于否定句中。

  5.after,  in,  within
  ①after表示“在……之后”,是before的反义词。
  We’ll hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我们将举办晚会。
  He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症,一年后去世了。
  I’ll phone you after 1 arrive.到达后我给你打电话。(after作连词)
  ②within“在……时间之内”
  I can finish it with an hour.我不需一小时就可把它做完。

  比 较   after与in
  ①after后可跟时间段,也可跟时间点,如after school(放学后),
  而in后必须跟一段时间,如in an hour(一小时后)。
  ②after既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时,而in只能用于将来时。
  ③after既可作介词,又可作连词,而in只能作介词②in“在……时间之后”
  I’ll arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达。

  in与within后都必须跟时间段。

  (二)表示“地点、方向”的介词:
  1.in outside between, among
  ①in表示“在……里面”,如:
  What’s in the box? 盒子里是什么?
  She put her book in the desk. 她把书放进了书桌。
  ②outside指“在……外面”
  There are many people outside the room.房间外有很多人。
  What did your see outside the hall? 你在大厅外看见了什么?
  ③between在……之间(指二者)
  There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。
  The building stands between the park and the small river. 那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。   
  between是指“在两者之间”,而among指“在多个之间”。
  ④among在……之间(指三者以上)
  “There is a thief among you.” The policeman shouted to the crowd.
  警察向人群喊道:“你们中间有个小偷!”
  He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。

  2.on, above, over, below, under
  (1) on在……上面,表面相互接触。
  There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个苹果。
  On the top of the hill, there is a flag. 山顶有一面旗子。
  (2) above只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”,与below相对。
  A plane flew above our heads.一架飞机从我们头上飞过。
  The Turners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。
  (3) over“在……正上方”,与under相对。
  There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。
  The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。
  (4) below在……下方,低于……
  There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。
  Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。
  (5) under在……正下方
  They sat under a big tree, drinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。
  What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿了什么?

  3.near, by, beside
  (1) near在……附近,与far相对
  A hospital was built near the railway station.在火车站附近建了一所医院。
  My hone is near he school. 我的家离学校很近。
  (2) by = beside,靠近,在……旁边,比near距离更近  
  He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。
  He lay down beside the statuary. 他在雕像旁躺下了。

  4.in front of, behind, around
  (1) in front of在……前面
  A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一条河
  They put a bunch of flowers in front of the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。      
  in the front of表示“在……前部”,指里面。
  There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房间前半部有把红椅子。
  (2) behind在……后面
  A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。
  The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。
  (3) around在……周围,围绕
  There are many trees around the villege.村子周围有很多树围绕。
  There are flowers around the stage. 舞台周围摆着鲜花。

  5.from, to, for, into, out of
  (1) from从……
  The train started from Paris.火车发自巴黎。
  She will fly from Beijing to Hongkong. 她将从北京飞往香港。
  (2) to到……(目的地)去,向……
  He went to Germany last year.他去年去了德国。
  They got to the town very late. 他们很晚才到那个镇。
  (3) for向……,表目的方向
  He left for Tianjin on business yesterday.他昨天出差去天津了。
  The train for Shanghai has been away. 去往上海的火车已经开走了。
  towards, to和for都可表示“向……”,其区别如下:
  ①towards仅指朝向某个方向,不一定是目的地,而 to和for都是“向目的地”。
  ②for作“向(目的地)”时,常用于固定搭配中,如:leave for; start for
  (4) into进入
  Please put the water into the bottle.请把水倒入瓶子里。
  The teacher came into the classroom with a smile. 老师微笑着走进了教室。
  (5) out of从……出来
  A beautiful girl in red went out of the shop.一个穿红衣服的漂亮女孩从商店里走了出来。
  They pulled him out of the water. 他们把他从水里拉了出来。

  6.along, across, through
  (1) along沿着
  He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。
  There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road street. 沿街有着各种美丽的花。
  (2) across横穿
  The little girl is afraid to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。
  It’s dangerous to run across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。
  (3) through穿过
  It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们10分钟时间。
  He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。

  7.at, in
  二者都表示“在某个地方”,但at多指较小的地方,如车站、家等,而in多指在“大地方”,如城市、国家、大洲等。(但大小有时也是相对的)。
  He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路27号。
  The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于13点到达北京。

  三、其它用途的介词:
  1. 表示“标准或单位”的介词:at, for, by
  (1) at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”
  He drove at a speed of 80 miles an hour.他以每小时8英里的速度行驶。
  I sold my car at a high price.我以高价出售了我的汽车。
  (2) for用……交换
  I bought it for 20 dollars.买它花了我20美元。
  How much for these apples? 这些苹果多少钱?
  at与for都表示价格,但at表示“单价”,for表示总价,at后一般跟“price”这个词,而for后只能跟总钱数。
  如:I bought it at a low price.我买它的价格很低。
  I bought it at the price of $80 a pound.我以每磅80美元的价格买的它。
  I sold it for $10.我10美元把它卖掉了。
  (3) by以……计,后跟度量单位
  Gold is sold by the gram.金以克出售。
  They paid him by the month.他们按月给他计酬。

  2.表示“材料”的介词:of, from, in
  (1) of表示从成品仍可看出原料。
  This box is made of paper.这个盒子是纸做的。
  This salad is made of apples and strwberres. 这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。
  (2) from表示从成品已看不出原料。
  Bread is made from wheat.面包是小麦做的。
  The lifeboat is made from some special material. 这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。
  (3) in用……材料。  常用write, speak, talk, answer等连用。
  Please fill in the form in pencil first.请先用铅笔填写这个表格。
  They talk in English.他们用英语交谈。
  in指材料时,材料前不用冠词。
  比较:用铅笔画  

  3.表示“工具或手段”的介词:by, with, on
  (1) by凭借“工具或手段(多用于交通工具)如:  by bus乘公共汽车,by plane乘飞机
  He usually goes to work by bike.他通常骑车去上班。
  He sent the news to me by e-mail.他通过电子邮件发给了我这一消息。
  表示搭乘交通工具时,既可用by,又可用in,区别在于用by时,表示交通工具的名词前不能加冠词,而用in时名词前必须加冠词。
  
  (2) with用……工具
  He broke the window with a stone.他用石头把玻
  He stopped the ball with his right foot.他用脚把球停住。
  with表示“用……工具”时,工具前必须加冠词或物主代词。
  (3) on以……方式。多用于固定词组。
  They talked on the telephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。
  She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语。

  4.表示“关于”的介词:of, about, on
  (1) of仅指“关于”人或事物的存在,如:
  He spoke of the film the other day.他前几天提到了这部影片。
  
  He thought of this matter yesterday.他昨天想到了这件事。
  He thought about this matter yesterday.他昨天考虑了这件事。
  (2) about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。
  It’s a book for children about Africa and its people.
  它是一本供儿童阅读的关于非洲和非洲人的书。
  Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?
  (3) on是指“关于”学术性的或严肃的,供专门研究用的。
  It’s a textbook on the history of China.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。

  5.表示“原因、理由”的介词:for, at, from, of, with
  (1) for表示“一般的理由”常与famous, punish等词连用。
  Xi’an is famous for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。
  The city is well known for her large population. 这座城市以人口众多而知名。
  (2) at一般指“情感”的原因,通常放在表示“惊讶或喜悦等感情”的动词或形容词之后,表示“因听到或看到而……”。
  She got angry at his words.她因为他的话生气了。
  He was surprised at the news.听到这消息他大吃一惊。
  (3) from表示“外在的原因”。如受伤、车祸等。
  He died from the wound.他因受伤而致死。
  Her son was badly hurt in a traffic accident. 她儿子在一次车祸中严重受伤。
  (4) of表示“内在的原因”,如病、饿等到。
  He died of cancer.他死于癌症。
  The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。
  (5) with表示“由外在影响到肉体或心理”的原因。
  He shook with cold.他因寒冷而发抖。
  He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。

  6.like, as
  (1) like像……一样(其实不是)
  The little tiger looks like a cat.这只小老虎看起来像只猫。
  The mooncakes are like the moon. 月饼像月亮。
  (2) as作为,以……身份(其实是)
  He was hanged as a spy.他被作为间谍绞死了。
  He talk to me as a father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。

  7.against, for
  against反对,与for是反义词,如:
  Are you for my idea or against it? 你赞同还是反对我的想法?
  They fought against the enemy. 他们抗击敌人。

  8.besides, except都表示“除了”。besides的用法就等于as well as。
  He is interested in tennis besides(as well as)football.  除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。
  (1)besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“除之外…还、除之外…又”,表示两部分的相似性。
  Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.
  除他以外,还有25个学生去看了电影。(他和另外25人都去了)
  We like biology besides English.除了英语外,我们还喜欢生物。(生物和英语都喜欢)
  (2)except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“撇开…不谈”,表示两部分的不同。
  Everyone is excited except me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动,而我却不激动)
  All the visitors are Japanese except him.
  除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人,可他不是)

  介词的省略
  在以下几种情况中,介词常常省略。
  1.当表示时间的词前有this, that, next, last, every, each, some, any, all等时,介词应省略。
  We watched an exciting football match last week.(last week前不能用介词in等)
  上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
  Come any day you like. 你想哪天来哪天来。
  Come on any day you like.(×)
  next前可以加冠词,但意义不同。
  next week下周(以现在为起点)
  the next week第二周(以过去某时为起点)

  2.表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作“每一……”解时,前面不用介词,如:
  每小时80英里。
  80 miles in an hour.(×)
  80 miles an hour.()
  An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。

  3.含有way的短语。如:in the same way, in this/that way, in another way等用于句末时,in常省略。
  She did it the same way.她用同样的方法做的。 
 
连词:for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 
both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, whether...or 

 after, before, when, while, since, until
 because, since,now that, as, in order that, so. opposite
although, though, if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, insofar as,as far as, as soon as, as if,as though,even though,how, inascmuch as, in that, lest, no matter how, now that, once, provided(that), so that等等..........
副词:副词的样子很明显.一般结尾都是ly(除了Friendly等表示 形容词)副词是修饰动词和形容词的.
动词:动词就跟我们的汉字一样数不清,在单词后有标注了v则表示是动词.

英语高手请进~~~~~~~~~~~

6. 请教英语高手

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7. 英语高手请进

先说by这个词的用法吧。
作prep.介词时常译作“ 靠,通过;被,由;沿着;按照;由; 被; 用 " 
作adv.副词常译作“ 经过,过去;在侧,在附近;短暂拜访 ”
It is water that is the basis of life and drawn up by the clouds from the deep sea.这个by是介词可译作“通过(云朵)”
从句引导词,如下分名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句解释
名词性从句引导词的基本用法
  下表对高考中常见的名词性从句的引导词进行了总结:
  名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况
  连接代词: what, which, who, whom, whose
  连接副词: when, where, why, how
  what, which在从句中作主语、 宾语、 表语或定语; who在从句中作主语、 表语; whom在从句中作宾语; whose在从句中作定语; when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间状语、 地点状语、 原因状语、 方式状语
  连词that否
  连词whether, if否
  名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结:
  1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时, 即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词(主要包括when, where, why, how)。注意体会如下例句: Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的。// Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道。// Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了?// He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家。// Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。// Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。// How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。
  以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注:
  (1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……?”的问题, 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词+关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思, 这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的what”, 注意体会如下例句:He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。// This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方。// What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界。// Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。// The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同。
  (2) 带’ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外, 还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter+疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句, 不可以引导名词性从句), 注意体会以下例句: Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.无论谁想看这部电影, 今晚都可以和我们一起去。// You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。// All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿, 你愿借哪本就借哪本。// I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么, 我就做什么。
  2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句, that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分; 引导宾语从句时that常可省略, 但引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句时that通常不被省略。例如:
  She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达。(宾语从句)
  That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心。(主语从句)
  I have the belief that I will succeed. 我怀有必胜的信念。(同位语从句)
  that, what引导名词性从句的区别在于: that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分, 在有的情况下可以省略; what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、 宾语、 表语或者定语, 而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略。例如:
  That he will succeed is obvious. 显然, 他会成功。(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)
  What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的。(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)
  3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句, 且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分。在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换, 但在引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句、 介词后的宾语从句、 放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词。注意体会下列例句: I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你。(宾语从句)// Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你, 我还不知道。(位于句首的宾语从句)// The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心。(介词后的宾语从句)// The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作。(表语从句)// The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来, 这个问题必须定下来。(同位语从句)// The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会。(包含or not的宾语从句)
  注意: 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引导的宾语从句, 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引导的宾语从句, 例如: I doubt whether it’s true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的。// I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的。// I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实。// She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑。
  [考题1] — Could you do me a favor?
  — It depends on ____ it is. (2006北京)
  A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
  [答案] C
  [解析] 下划线处的引导词引导on后的宾语从句, 并且在该宾语从句中充当表语, 表示疑问句“What is it? (你要我帮的忙是什么?)”的含义。注意: 题干中没有用 “whatever” 进行强调的必要。
  [考题2] — I think it’s going to be a big problem.
  — Yes, it could be.
  — I wonder ____ we can do about it. (2002北京春)
  A. if B. how C. what D. that
  [答案] C
  [解析] 下划线处的引导词引导wonder后的宾语从句并且在该宾语从句中充当do的宾语, if, that引导名词性从句时都不充当名词性从句中的句子成分, how引导名词性从句时充当名词性从句中的方式状语, 因此应排除A、 B、 D而选出C。本题中what we can do about it可以理解为对应于疑问句“What can we do about it?”的名词性从句, what引导的这种名词性从句跟其他疑问词形式的引导词所引导的名词性从句的含义相近。
  [考题3] You can only be sure of ____ you have at present: you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽)
  A. that; what B. what; 不填 C. which; that D. 不填; that
  [答案] B
  [解析] 第一个下划线处应填入一个可以引导of的宾语从句泛指“你现在所拥有的东西”且在该宾语从句内部充当have的宾语的词, 这样的引导词只能是what, 由此可以直接排除选项A、 C、 D而选出B。
  [考题4] ____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. (1996)
  A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
  [答案] A
  [解析] 名词性从句what we can’t get和what we have中what都充当宾语, 都属于关系代词型的what, 本身不表示疑问而表示泛指相关的事物; “what we can’t get”相当于包含定语从句的“things that we can’t get”, “what we have”相当于包含定语从句的“things that we have”。
  [考题5] It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. (1997)
  A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
  [答案] B
  [解析] whatever在这里的用法跟关系代词型的what一样, 其引导的名词性从句“whatever he or she wants”泛指一个孩子想要的任何东西。
  [考题6] It was a matter of ____ would take the position. (1998上海)
  A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
  [答案] A
  [解析] 下划线处的引导词所引导的名词性从句充当介词of的宾语, 在其引导的宾语从句内部充当的是主语(通常用who指代)而不是宾语(通常用whom指代), 而且题干中没有提供强调“任何人”的语境, 因此应填入引导词who。
  [考题7] Could I speak to ____ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山东)
  A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who
  [答案] C
  [解析] 下划线处引导speak to之后的宾语从句, 表示“(负责国际销售的)任何人”, 四个选项中只有whoever适合。
  [考题8] Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game. (2005)
  A. why B. what C. who D. that
  [答案] A
  [解析] 下划线处引导的名词性从句属于介词on的宾语, 在该名词性从句中引导词充当原因状语, 所以应选A。
  [考题9] Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. (2006)
  A. where B. when C. how D. what
  [答案] B
  [解析] 题干中所有句子都围绕时间展开, 因此应填入表示时间的when引导remind的直接宾语。
  [考题10] Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. (上海2000)
  A. while B. that C. when D. as
  [答案] B
  [解析] 陈述客观情况的名词性从句的引导词之后是完整的陈述句, 引导词本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分, 有这样用法的引导词只能是that。本题下划线处引导了information的同位语从句(为避免头重脚轻, 本句中information的同位语从句与information之间被谓语动词部分隔开)。
  [考题11] The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed. (2004上海春)
  A. as B. which C. what D. that
  [答案] C
  [解析] 下划线处的引导词引导介词at的宾语从句, 该引导词在at的宾语从句中所包含的又一个宾语从句(充当think的宾语)里充当主语, 特指说话人的兄弟驾车的速度, 四个选项中只有关系代词型的引导词what具有这样的用法。注意: 本题中at的宾语从句中又包含一个宾语从句, 总共出现了两个宾语从句, 其中第二个宾语从句(I thought之后的宾语从句)的引导词that被省略了。
  [考题12] Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and ____ it is rough or smooth. (2005天津)
  A. 不填 B. whether C. how D. what
  [答案] B
  [解析] 题干中的or意味着下划线处需要表示“是否”的含义。
  [考题13] ____ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. (2006山东)
  A. No matter what B. No matter which
  C. Whatever D. Whichever
  [答案] D
  [解析] 下划线处引导全句的主语, 因此不能选用只能引导让步状语从句的选项A、 B; 下划线处表示“任何一支(获胜的球队)”之意, 用which的相关形式更为合适, 因此进一步排除C而选出D。

定语从句及相关术语 
  1.定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
  2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
  3.定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

英语高手请进

8. 请英语高手指教:She asked me if I knew ( ).

1.A  书是某人的是既定事实,用一般现在时
2.B   照顾
3.C   “女孩环顾四周没看到人……”,用look around
4.D   由题意应该用过去时态,排除A.B.又根据for判断应选完成时态。
5.D  be worth doing…
6.B  依赖于depend on 
7.B  回答must 开头的提问,肯定句用 you must,否定句用 you needn't.
8.C  look for jobs找工作
9.B  something被偷,所以用过去分词表被动
10.D  这应该不用解释了
11.B  be late for 先排除A,C。never是否定副词,所以选B
12.B  疑问句做宾语要用陈述语序
13.D  as…as中间用原形,并且此处须填副词
14.B  word可数,排除C,D.few表示否定,a few表示肯定
15.D  have sth. +过去分词
16.D  这里修饰名词,所以不用so,又因为是单数,所以选D
17.C  
18.C  
19.B 
20.D  
21.B
22.B
23.B
24.D
这么多啊,不知道你需不需要解释,如需要再给你后面几题的解释。
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